@article {HEXY2025106840,
	title = {Hardware synthesis of closed loop PID controlled L-DOPA model for automated drug delivery},
	journal = {Biomedical Signal Processing and Control},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {106840},
	abstract = {Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease (PD)22Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease (PD). is a complex and debilitating neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide. Various treatment options such as medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS)33Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). can improve symptoms, yet their effectiveness varies among patients. It is advisable to resort to continuous medication during the later stages of the disease, prompting the potential design of a Portable Duodopa Pump (PDP)44Portable Duodopa Pump (PDP). with feedback control. This paper focuses on Levodopa (L-DOPA)55Levodopa (L-DOPA). drug infusion techniques for alleviating Parkinson{\textquoteright}s symptoms. The Duodopa pump, delivering L-DOPA gel to the small intestine, offers advantages like improved symptom control and motor function by ensuring a steady and regular dosage of Levodopa. However, manual control poses several challenges leading to inadequate relief or side effects. To tackle these challenges, a Proportional{\textendash}Integral{\textendash}Derivative (PID)66Proportional{\textendash}Integral{\textendash}Derivative (PID). controller is proposed to regulate the plasma L-DOPA concentration. Optimal PID parameters are obtained through Ziegler{\textendash}Nichols (Z{\textendash}N)77Ziegler{\textendash}Nichols (Z{\textendash}N). tuning and MATLAB autotuning. The closed-loop system is synthesized using basic electronic components such as op-amps, resistors, and capacitors. The L-DOPA pharmacokinetic model, represented by a second-order system with delay, is designed and synthesized using first-order low-pass filters and a Sallen{\textendash}Key filter. Different low-frequency sinusoidal signals serve as setpoint signals in successive runs to the entire closed-loop system. The signals are generated using LabVIEW software and the corresponding analog signals are obtained using the NI USB 6003 data acquisition system (DAQ).88Data Acquisition System (DAQ). The hardware-synthesized system effectively tracks the given setpoint signal. The hardware implementation of the PID controller could be employed for automating the infusion rate of Duodopa in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease patients.},
	keywords = {Dopamine, Duodopa pump, Hardware synthesis, L-DOPA, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Pharmacokinetics, PID control},
	issn = {1746-8094},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106840},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174680942400898X},
	author = {Mary Hexy and Subha Hency Jose and Abraham Thomas and R. Yedhukrishna and Anvin Shaji Varghese and Noel Francis K.J. and Eby Sheesh}
}
